Newtonian physics being characterized as supporting deism
Freud's speculative remarks about the origin of religion being paraded as scientific insight; also the dogmatic use of the ego/superego/id division
Steady-state theory
Lamarkian version of evolution used to justify eugenics, racism
Marxism inasmuch as it aspired to be a scientific explanation.
Not exactly belonging to the same category as the above but closely related examples of scientists who saw themselves as disproving folk theism/morality/etc but later shown to be flawed:
Margaret Mead
B F Skinner
Kinsley
Haeckel
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